Megalopolis

By: jez

18-04-2007

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The following article is part of a series called “German A-Levels/Abitur 2005 English”. In Germany you have your a-levels after the 13rd year in school. Pupils are usually between 17 and 18 years when they have their exams. In the compulsory schools you a broad variety of courses: From German, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Greek to Science, Maths, Geographics, Physics, Literature, Arts and Sports etc. I prepared myself in 2005 for my a-levels by writing everything down. May these articles help anyone. Enjoy!

-City lights / Skyline book

Skyline book page 160
Words:
billboards, anonymity, neon signs, sky scarpers, high rise pollution, exhaust, fume, congested traffic, buildings, illuminated city, high crime rates, social differences

Skyline book page 162
Fact file London:
- London’s economic output is enormous
- Many minorities live in London (central London)
- prices for nearly everything are higher than elsewhere in the UK
- fast rising prices (housing)
- very good infrastructure hence the spending on public transportation are gigantic compared to the spending in the outer areas
- poverty in London is higher than elsewhere in the UK
- service sector is dominating in London

Problems:
high prices -> high wages / high cost of living / high crime rate

Skyline book page 162-164
It’s London vs. Britain:
The level of subsidy means the amount of money given to certain people to support them.

Fiscal transfers are just another expression for financial transfers.

Urban chic means a trendy live in a megalopolis such as London.

Working down the phone lines means someone working outside London with his phone or laptop and the internet by communicating with the people inside London “over the phone lines”.

When speaking of an Agatha Christie Britain one means the Britain as it is described in the author’s books. It is a generalized image of Britain and refers to a romantic vision.

The M25 is a motorway in England and often described as “the concrete border”. It divides the London area from the rest of Britain.

London is different from the rest of Britain, because of multiple things:
There is a greater diversity of cultures in London than elsewhere and the prices are also higher than in he outskirts or in the rest of Britain.
That means houses, accommodation, taxes and even parking fees are higher then in any other city.
London has an immense economic output.
It is Britain’s capital and therefore the centre of all political decisions.
London also has an administrative function for the rest of the country.
People living there are younger than people from outer regions and there is also a higher percentage of liberal people; that means they are more tolerant than others. Summed up you can say that the differences are the higher number of ethnic minorities, the higher costs for living, a higher living standard, a higher number of young and liberal people, as well as London’s economic, social, political and administrative importance.
It is not only because of those facts that many people work in the service sector, but also for the reason that London is a multinational gateway for services of all kind. Many companies have their headquarters in London.

Skyline book page 165-166
Can you hear me at the back?

The author criticizes multiple aspects of the town he lives in.
He is annoyed of the office blocks in the city centres, because of their location they are the reason for jammed roads.
The cars are the main cause for the increased noise level.
The leisure life is changed to a hectic one and it is no longer possible to sit down in a café in downtown hence there are none left.
Theatres and cafes cannot remain in the centre, because the estate prices are too high.
People can’t effort to live there either due to the high property prices.
As a result the city is merely used for working instead of living.
The author says that the high buildings look almost like identical boxes to him.

He uses the connotative image of Lego land to fortify the small, all alike looking image. Those boxes show how the architect’s restricted creativity.
The architects are not asking the people living there.
The buildings are planned for and not with the people.
The denotative meaning of Lego land is different from the connotative.
Lego land is a large amusement park in Denmark and Lego is also a box like plastic toy for children. One piece of Lego can be put on top of another piece.

Skyline book page 161
New York, Bono (U2)

The song “New York” by U2 deals with the megalopolis NY and how a single person living there sees the city with his eyes.
The song’s gist is that NY is offering a lot of freedom concerning choices. The city is a crowded and busy place where a different people from a diversity of countries live. The summer is hot there, almost depressing.
The singer says that everyone is happy but himself and his personificated friend “NY”. It seems like the person described there is in his/her midlife crisis.

His attitude towards NY is split into a positive and a negative one. On the one hand he likes NY and says he “found a friend to drown out the voices”, but on the other hand he says that the freedom offered by NY has the negative consequence of having too many choices.
Furthermore he says that NY has caused a midlife crisis for him, but he is also not leaving the city to ease the problems caused by that. That is a bit paradox.

Those lyrics feature several positive and negative aspects;
Some positive aspects are the many choices, freedom to choose, the hot summer, different cultures, a stimulating city.
Negative items include: too many choices, noise, voices, sounds, hot air which is uncomfortable, smog, cultural clashes, restlessness, hectic, anonymity.

London by William Blake

By: jez

31-03-2007

english lk, oberstufe

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The following article was written by Lena as a part of her revision for the a-levels on English Language in 2005. I hope this will be handy for anyone having to revise for “English GK”

London, by William Blake

The poem consists of four stanzas, with four lines. The rhyme scheme is a cross rhyme. The poem’s general attitude and mood can be described as a very depressive one. In the first stanza, which can be seen as an introduction, the lyrical I focusing the reader at the city of London in general. Therefore the reader gets a first impression of the city. The repetition of the word “charter d´” in the first two lines shows that many things are owned by capitalists. The parallelism in line four “Marks of weakness, marks of woe.” and the anaphora “In every…” in the first three lines of the second stanza show that there are no happy people and that everything is cruel. Words like “voice” (l.7), “hear” (l.8),”cry” (l.9) and” sigh” (l.11) create a special atmosphere, because the words are connected with sound. The third stanza shows that every member of the society and also every institution are involved in the depressive mood of the city. Blake personifies the church in line ten (“Church appalls ;”) to demonstrate, that the people who work for it are also responsible for the tragedy in London. The word “blacking” in the same line shows that the image of church is damaged. With the sentence in line 11 and 12 “Soldiers sigh runs in blood down Palace walls.” Blake wants to clarify that the government/monarchy is also guilty for the tragic events. The word “blood” and the “soldier” in this context stand for war, hate, dead and other negative associations. Blake wants to show that there exists no hope. Children often stand for hope. Therefore he uses many words, which reminds the reader of children, for example “infants, new born” as well as the metaphor “chimney-sweeper” in line nine, which stands for a child, too. In the last stanza the most serious problem of the society is demonstrated. The metaphor “Marriage hearse” in the last line of the poem, symbolizes that marriage is responsible for harlotry and every problems which are connected with it. The word “Harlot’s curse” in line 14 underlines this.
All in all it becomes clear that Blake wants to criticize the institution of church and government, which were both very powerful in the 19th century. He also criticizes the capitalists as well as the social force of marriage. These facts are after Blake responsible for the disaster in London.

Mauritius, an example for a developing countrys change in the process of globalization

By: jez

31-03-2007

english lk, oberstufe

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The following article was written by Lena as a part of her revision for the a-levels on English Language in 2005. I hope this will be handy for anyone having to revise for “English GK”

Mauritius, an example for a developing country’s change in the process of globalization

Mauritius a good example, but why?

Mauritius is a small island in the ocean of India.

With about 1.2 million inhabitants it can be used in order to show the positive but also negative consequences of globalization. In the last 30 to 40 years Mauritius has experienced an enormous structural change, which can be divided into three parts:

Mass poverty in the 70’s

In 1968 Mauritius became an independent country. Before that time the island had been a British colony. Over 90 % of the agricultural land was used for the fabrication of sugar cane. This mono culture had been the cause for many dependencies. There were several reasons for that. On the one hand it was relying on import products, but on the other hand the first world countries dictated the price of sugar cane. Besides, there was high rate of unemployment, as well as bad infrastructure and all in all an in poverty living population.

Decrease of poverty in the 80’s

Mauritius’ decrease of poverty illustrates the growing ambition of foreign companies to produce yet more cost-efficient. In the 80’s this movement tends more and more towards international division of labour between industrial countries and less developed countries. For some scientists it is exactly this development which represents the start of globalization. Not many developing countries profited from the international division of labour, the winners were rather the industrial countries. Mauritius though is clearly an exception. Especially the textile and clothing industry from Hong Kong used the island for production. The economic boom can be shown by some figures.

• The number of working people tripled itself to 90.000
• The rate of unemployment declined against zero
• The number of households, which live under the poverty line, declined from 70% to 17,8%

The economic boom was reflected by all levels of the population. Especially the broad underclass developed to a society of consume and thus is able to buy high quality products such as TV’s. The broad underclass became a middleclass, which hadn’t existed before.

Crisis in the end of the 90’s

The economic boom’s consequences have faded towards the end of the 90’s. One of the major reasons for that was the liberation of trade. Mauritius wasn’t protected anymore against the competition of the Asian “Low Labour Cost Countries”. Another problem which was related to the growing competition was the increase of labour cost. Foreign companies were able to produce more cost-efficient in other developing countries.

The following figure illustrates this problem:

(china 50 cent/hour, Mauritius 1$/hour)

Many foreign companies left the island to invest in other developing countries.
Between 1991 and 2000 the number of the textile and clothing companies decreased by 25%.
The number of unemployment increased from 2.3% (1991) to 8.6% (2000).
Those who once belonged to the middle class fell back to the broad underclass.
The Globalization’s only winner was the Mauritian upper class who became even richer than before.

Conclusion

“The rich become richer and the poor become even poorer.”
I think this sentence perfectly shows the consequences of globalization for developing countries.

The Daffodils by William Wordsworth

By: jez

31-03-2007

english lk, oberstufe

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The following article was written by Lena as a part of her revision for the a-levels on English Language in 2005. I hope this will be handy for anyone having to revise for “English GK”

The poem consists of four stanzas, which have got six lines. The rhyme scheme in the first four lines is a cross rhyme, the last two lines end with a pair rhyme. Wordsworth uses many metaphors and similes in his poem to clarify the speaker’s happy experiences in nature. The manifold choice of words creates a peaceful, harmful atmosphere. There are detailed descriptions and a kind of a birds eye view in the whole four stanzas. The reader can very detailed imagine what the speaker describes. The simile in the first line, shows that the speaker is free, but also lonesome.
In the third and fourth line the poet uses the metaphor “a crowd, a host of golden daffodils” to compare the daffodils with people, because when thinking of “a crowd” you think of human beings. The personification in the last line of the first stanza (fluttering and dancing) underlines the association to a human behavior. The second stanza is also full of simile, but here Wordsworth compares the daffodils with stars. The verbs “shine” and “twinkle” and also the noun “milky way” leads to the association of stars and the universe. The expression “never-ending line” in the third line supports the image of the universe in this case. The sentence “Ten thousand….” clarify the “never ending line”. The personification in the last line “tossing their heads in sprightly dance”, is also a comparison to human behavior.
In the third stanza Wordsworth wants to amplify the peacefully mood, when he says “The waves besides them danced”. That means that not only the daffodils “danced” but also its environment.
The contrast between the lonesome feeling of the speaker on the one hand, but also the happy memories or experiences with nature one the other hand show that looking at the daffodils made the speaker feel better than he did before. This idea is supported by the last line of poem, where he says his heart “with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils” whenever he thinks of them.

The definition of terrorism by Brian Whitaker

By: jez

31-03-2007

english lk, oberstufe

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The following article was written by Lena as a part of her revision for the a-levels on English Language in 2005. I hope this will be handy for anyone having to revise for “English GK”

In his article “The definition of terrorism” Brian Whitaker points out the American state department’s definition of terrorism and the problems which are connected with it.

The Headline of the article seems to be a matter of fact. The reader expects a precise definition of terrorism. In the subtitle it becomes clear that Whitaker doesn’t want to give simply a definition of terrorism but rather wants to illustrate that many definitions are influenced by self-interests.
The article can be divided into four parts. The first part deals with international terrorism figures, which give the reader a first overview about the terrorism definition problem. It is striking that there exists almost twice more terrorism cases in Europe than in the Middle East. To underline the contradiction between the reality and the announced figures the author uses the imperative “Decide for yourself whether to believe this,” to show that the reader has to be skeptical by reading the figures. By using the word “meaningless” and the quotation of the report “no one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance” the author emphasizes that there does not exist one general definition of terrorism. It becomes clear that the figures he meant before seems to wrong because of the definition problem.
In the second part Whitaker refers to the state department’s definition of terrorism. He uses a quotation to reproduce the definition. By using the word “key point” Whitaker wants to illustrate that terrorism is very often politically motivated. The political aspect differs terrorism from murder. Whitaker doesn’t mention the religious aspect of terrorism which becomes especially after 9/11 very important. Due to the definition that terrorism must be politically motivated in Saudi Arabia there wasn’t a criminal act published as terrorism act. Another problem is that after the definition of the state department a criminal attack can only called terrorism if it is an attack against people and not against property. In the third part Whitaker uses an example of the attack against the pipeline in Colombia which wasn’t called a terror act to convince the reader that a new definition of terrorism is required. He underlines his statement by giving another example for the definition problem.

The End of Work by Jeremy Rifkin

By: jez

31-03-2007

english lk, oberstufe

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The following article was written by Lena as a part of her revision for the a-levels on English Language in 2005. I hope this will be handy for anyone having to revise for “English GK”

Modern machines replace mass labour more and more. In future modern machines will do the work of many factory workers. Without people developing these machines there won’t be any production. That’s the reason why the global economy depends on high skilled educated workers. Exactly these skilled workers invent modern technologies which are needed for future.

If more and more people become unemployed the social peace is in danger. Social peace is very important for a society, because it contributes to an increase in general prosperity. Another social problem is that increased unemployment leads to increased financial problems and thus to crime. Political effects could be that the retirement pension and the social security such as health insurances are not ensured anymore.

A variety of jobs can never be replaced. In many areas of labour human intuition and intelligence cannot be automated or replaced by machines. Kindergarten teachers, nurses, school teachers, doctors, therapists, social workers and priests rely on emotions and intuitions everyday they work. Machines aren’t able to feel emotions and have intuitions yet like human being. Those people who invent new technologies and new medicine are required for the future.

Summary and Analysis: The Future of Europe, by Romano Prodi

By: jez

28-11-2006

english lk, oberstufe

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1. In his speech “The future of Europe” Romano Prodi tries to explain the reasons for the British reluctance towards Europe. Especially during and after the Second World War Britain was an important partner of the other European countries and had a major influence on the happenings in Europe. At this time Britain had lost its chance to become an important member of the first European organizations (l.4ff). Britain’s reluctant attitude towards Europe relies on the fact,
that it is split from Europe from a geographic point of view (-> Island status)
and that the USA was and still is a close ally of the United Kingdom (l.10-12).
Prodi also explains Britain?s positions in the present by saying that it differs from the other members of the European Union. The British government and its population often dither concerning its attitude towards Europe between “fascination” and “perplexity” on the one hand and “sometimes frustration” on the other hand (l.15). This indecisive attitude between reluctance and affection makes a European integration very hard.

2. Prodi is off the opinion that the relation between the UK and Europe could be better than it currently is. He cannot understand why some people think that the EU wants to oppress the UK. (L.20-21) By using the colloquial expression “your fellow Europeans” Prodi wants to point out how absurd such an assumption of oppression is. To show that the EU is not a complete but an always changing organization Prodi uses the present progressive form “The Europe we are building” (l.22). To convince his audience that the European Union does not oppress national customs and cultures he uses a climax (to express our regional, national, and European identities without l 24-25). Prodi tries to compare the mixed culture situation in Britain with the situation of the EU to convince his audience that Britain is tolerant enough to fully accept the EU. By using the enumeration “England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland” (l.27) Prodi wants to show how divers and also tolerant the British mentality is. The expression “So I appeal to you” is a direct address to the audience. Prodi asks the British population to use its national tolerance in regard to the European Union. The word ?please? illustrates the importance of this sentence for Prodi. He uses the expression “European future” or “future of Europe” (l. 31+35) when he speaks of Britain’s policy to show how important the UK is for the European future. Prodi refers to Britain’s “island status” (l.36) to find reasons for its European isolation. To underline his assumption he uses a quotation of Winston Churchill in which he says that “each time the UK has to choose between Europe and the open sea, it will always choose the open sea” (l.37-39). The metaphor of the “open sea” in this context stands for national freedom and independence. The short sentences “That may be so. Britain is an island?”(l.39) show Prodi’s consternation concerning this fact. By using the word ‘But’ (l.39) Prodi wants to point out that there is still hope in regard to the relation between the European Union and the UK. The expression “deep down” (l.39) shows that the there isn’t a clear but more over a hidden connection between both.
The adverbs “culturally” and “historically” (l.40) illustrate the close connection between Britain and the EU. By using the anaphora “For their” (l.41-42) Prodi underlines his admiration towards Britain.
He cannot understand why the UK cultivates its relation to the USA but not to Europe which is far closer. The distance between the UK and the USA is shown by the number of ‘three thousand miles’. The nearness between the UK and Europe is illustrated by the verb ‘belongs’ (l.47). Prodi tries to find reasons for the close relation to the USA but he doesn’t find a right solution. The sentence ‘I don’t think it is the case’ shows that his previous assumption hasn’t been confirmed yet. It becomes clear that the main topic of Prodi’s speech is the relation between the UK and Europe. To emphasize his argumentation Prodi repeats arguments which he has mentioned before. (“Britain is culturally and historically part of Europe”) (l.52) Prodi uses a quotation of John Donne to show that it is very important for Europe that the United Kingdom won’t dissociate from it. At the end of his speech he says that Europe and the UK “could live without each other” but by using the enumeration “less wealthy, less strong and less secure” (l.58-59) Prodi points out that it would have negative consequences for both.
All in all it becomes clear that Romano Prodi is very emotionally influenced by the UK-European discussion. His speech is full of valuing words such as “proud”, “great admire”, “indispensable”, and “hope”. It seems as if it is very important to him that the UK increases its efforts to ameliorate their relation with the European Union.

The euro debate: pros and cons

By: jez

28-11-2006

english lk, oberstufe

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Pro- euro:
George Eustice, Director of the No Campaign:
“This is the right decision for Britain – the time is not right to join. The euro isn’t working for those countries already inside the currency, with Germany on the brink of recession, unemployment rising and eurozone growth half the level in Britain.”
- Trade with the UK’s euro partners could grow between 5% and 50% over 30 years if the UK joins the euro

- The UK could be between 5% and 9% richer if it joins the euro (and trade grows at the upper end of expectations)

- Maybe consumers will benefit from increased competition in the UK service sector

- Prices should come down, leading to greater transparency and competitiveness

- Both large and small companies would benefit from diminished exchange rate volatility, especially in the manufacturing sector

- Holidaymakers and travelers would no longer incur the costs of currency conversion when traveling between Britain and other euro countries.

Anti-euro:
Sir Richard Branson, chairman, Virgin Group
“Having a separate currency from the consumers and competitors of our largest market is a big barrier to success.”

- A common European interest rate could lead to instability in the UK housing market

- Evidence shows that London has participated fully in euro financial markets, since the introduction of the single currency

- The UK financial services sector will remain competitive in or out of the euro? Uk doesn’t “need” the euro

- Some retailers would use the introduction of the euro to round-up prices

- The Bank of England will lose its power to the European Central Bank in Frankfurt

- The strength of the euro was supposed to be guaranteed by ensuring that the economies of all the participating countries were in a healthy state and had significantly converged at the time of joining by insisting that they met strict entrance criteria. In reality some members don’t meet the required budget deficit figure of 3% of GDP

Dover Beach

By: jez

28-11-2006

english lk, oberstufe

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The poem “Dover Beach” written by Matthew Arnold is about a human misery.
Nature especially the sea is used in order to draw a comparison between the fights of nature and the human misery.
The poem consists of four stanzas which have a different amount of lines. The first stanza consists of 14 lines, the second of six, the third of eight and the last line of nine lines. The rhyme scheme is very irregular. For example, in the first eight lines of the poem it is abacdbdc.

The first stanza can be divided into two parts. In the first part (line one to line six) the lyrical I describes the motions of the sea in a very positive way. The words ?to-night? (l. 1), ?moon? (l.2) and ?night-air? (l.6) show that it is night. To create a very harmonious mood the poet utilizes adjectives such as “fair”, tranquil? and ?calm?. Matthew Arnold uses an anaphora (?Gleams? and ?Glimmering? l.4/5), to underline the harmonious atmosphere of the first six lines. The word ?only? in line seven can be seen as a caesura. After line seven the harmonious mood of the first lines is changing into a sad mood. The word sea is personified by the verb ?meets? in line seven. The personification and the expression ?moon-blanched land? create a mystic atmosphere. With the words of sound ?listen?, ?hear? and ?roar? in line nine Arnold wants to activate the reader?s perception of senses to involve him in his poem. Also, he involves the readership by using the imperatives ?come? and ?listen?. The verbs ?begin? ?cease? and ?again begin? show that the pebbles? motions are a never ending movement. By using the words ?sadness? and ?tremulous? the pebbles? motions are illustrated in a woeful and threatening way.
The first stanza can be seen as a description of a present status, whereas the second stanza is a reference to the past. In the second stanza the poet uses ?Sophocles?, an ancient Greek philosopher, to show that the people for a long time thought about a comparison between sea and human misery. The verb ?hear? in line 16 and in line 20 can be regarded as a connection to the words of acoustic perception in the first stanza. The expression ?distant northern sea? is another connecting element between the both stanzas. By mentioning the countries England and France the first stanza is talking about the northern sea. The main topic of the first stanza is the motion of sea. The reader can only guess that it refers to human misery, but the second stanza talks about to the human misery in line 18.
The third stanza abstracts the image of the sea and uses it as a metaphor (?sea of faith?) to show that ?once? (l.22) humanity was more religious. The metaphor of ?bright girdle furled? emphasizes that faith was inseparable to earth. The words ?But now? in line 24 are a caesura. The first three lines of the stanza create a feeling of hope, whereas the last lines sound sad and hopeless.
The word ?only? show that the lyrical I feels only the sadness of the world. To amplify the negative mood of the last lines Arnold utilizes words such as ?melancholy?, ?drear? and ?naked?.

The last stanza refers to the misery of humanity and can be seen as a conclusion of the preceding stanzas. The lyrical I compares the world to a ?land of dreams? which is ?various? ?beautiful? and ?new?. This means that the world and the people who live on it might be happy and live together in peace. To underline the positive mood, the lyrical I uses the word ?love? at the beginning of the stanza. The verb ?seems? shows that it is only a dream or an illusion of the lyrical I which can never become reality.
Line 33 is a caesura, wherefrom the lyrical I describes his real life. The enumeration in line 33 and 34 ??nor love, nor light, nor peace?? shows the cruelness of the world. The plural form ?us? and ?we? illustrates that not only the lyrical I but also many other people feel the cruelness. The words ?sweep? and ?clash by night? both together form an allusion to the preceding stanzas. The motions of the sea are used to clarify the bad relations between other people.
The poem illustrates the contrast between hope and reality. There are many caesuras in the poem, which definitely show the changing mood of the lyrical I. It wishes a peaceful world, but it also knows that it is almost impossible.
Maybe Matthew Arnold refers to the industrial revolution which was a big change of life for everybody. Many people were very unhappy with their new life.

The sea is calm to-night. The tide is full, the moon lies fair Upon the straits;–on the French coast the light Gleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand, Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay. Come to the window, sweet is the night-air! Only, from the long line of spray Where the sea meets the moon-blanch’d land, Listen! you hear the grating roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling, At their return, up the high strand, Begin, and cease, and then again begin, With tremulous cadence slow, and bring The eternal note of sadness in. Sophocles long ago Heard it on the {AE}gean, and it brought Into his mind the turbid ebb and flow Of human misery; we Find also in the sound a thought, Hearing it by this distant northern sea. The Sea of Faith Was once, too, at the full, and round earth’s shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furl’d. But now I only hear Its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, Retreating, to the breath Of the night-wind, down the vast edges drear And naked shingles of the world. Ah, love, let us be true To one another! for the world, which seems To lie before us like a land of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so new, Hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light, Nor certitude, nor peace, nor help for pain; And we are here as on a darkling plain Swept with confused alarms of struggle and flight, Where ignorant armies clash by night.

Faith
I honestly believe that Arnold is talking about how the question of faith has left the world in darkness. In the beginning of the poem, he expresses how calm everything seems, and it’s like any other night. However, as the poem progresses, he mentions how Sophocles heard the sadness in the Aegean sea, just as he was hearing the sadness in his own sea. In mentioning the Sea of Faith, he reveals that while it looks calm and normal on the surface, really, the sea is singing a song of sadness and despair. during this time, people began questioning religion and turning to Darwinism. Arnold is expressing how people used to not think twice about what they believed, but now the world was unsure. In telling his love to stay true to him, he is hoping that at least one thing in the world will remain the same and true. To him, the world was left in darkness by the threat against faith.

Bush's war on terrorism

By: jez

28-11-2006

english lk, oberstufe

6 comments

The following article is part of a series called “German A-Levels/Abitur 2005 English LK”. In Germany you have your a-levels after the 13rd year in school. Pupils are usually between 17 and 18 years when they have their exams. In the compulsory schools you a broad variety of courses: From German, English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Greek to Science, Maths, Geographics, Physics, Literature, Arts and Sports etc. I prepared myself in 2005 for my a-levels by writing everything down. May these articles help anyone. Enjoy!

Coursework English LK

Topic: Bush’s war on terrorism
“How he used 9/11 to justify the attacks on Afghanistan and Iraq”
Subject: English LK 12/2 Fr. Beer 2004
Author: Julian Klewes for h4x3d.com

“Suddenly the Weapons of Mass destruction become Weapons of Mass distraction”

Introduction:
I am writing my coursework about Bush’s war on terrorism because the actions that took place on and after the September 11th, 2001 (shortened to 9/11 in due course) influenced my life in many ways. Now I see the world with other eyes.
That day at 15.56 o’clock (8.56 AM US-Time) I received an instant message from one of my American mates saying, “NY is under attack”. I thought it was a joke and turned on my TV to watch the ongoing CNN live coverage. Just 5 minutes later, I saw the second plane, flight 175, hitting the south tower. The first few minutes I kept asking me the same two questions that now motivate me to write my coursework on this subject: Who would someone plan such a cruel and insane attack against innocent people? But also: Why should anyone use an airplane to strike the World Trade Centre? It did not make any sense; but now after having researched over four weeks I perhaps know some of the answers…

In the ongoing progress of reading through my work, you will find answers – the ugly but true reality about what had happened, and who profited from it.

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- h4x3d.com

Megalopolis

London by William Blake

Mauritius, an example for a developing countrys change in the process of globalization

The Daffodils by William Wordsworth

The definition of terrorism by Brian Whitaker

The End of Work by Jeremy Rifkin

Summary and Analysis: The Future of Europe, by Romano Prodi

The euro debate: pros and cons

Dover Beach

Bush's war on terrorism

Coursework English LK

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